Researchers Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and The University of Western Australia have made a fundamental discovery about of the atomic structure and function of the biological ‘factories’ in cells that make energy, providing a new means to target the ‘machines’ within factories for drug treatments.
Just as cars need fossil fuels to power their engines, the living cells that make up our bodies use food as a fuel source. To harness the energy in food every cell in our bodies contains microscopic biological machines, known as mitochondria, which convert food molecules into energy.
Although not widely known outside scientific circles, mitochondria are essential for life and were the inspiration for “midchlorians”, force-sensitive particles in cells, as featured in the film Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
The research, published today in Nature, was led by Professor Nenad Ban from ETH Zurich in Switzerland, in collaboration with researchers Perkins researchers Associate Professor Aleksandra Filipovska, Head of Mitochondrial Medicine and Biology, Professor Oliver Rackham, Head of Synthetic Biology and Drug Discovery and their PhD student Richard Lee.
Professor Filipovska said mitochondria were microscopic, energy-producing factories found in all eukaryotic cells, or cells containing a nucleus enclosed within membranes, representing all forms of life that are visible without a microscope.
“Mitochondria contain a set of genes that are used to make key protein building blocks that enable mitochondria to produce energy,” she said.
“These proteins are essential for energy production however little is known about how they are made. The recent discovery of the atomic structure of the machine that makes these proteins (the mitochondrial ribosome) has revealed how they are made.
“Surprisingly, this machine blocks itself from making the proteins until it is precisely located where these proteins are required within mitochondria. This is highly unusual and previously not found in nature.”
Professor Filipovska said as well as providing a new means to target this molecular machine for drug treatments, the discovery also demonstrated the power of cutting-edge technology to reveal how living systems had evolved to function under different energy requirements.
“Defects in mitochondrial function underlie many common diseases such as neurodegenerative, metabolic and heart diseases, cancer, diabetes and ageing,” she said.
“Therefore molecular discoveries provide the much-needed knowledge that enables us to make the leap to disease treatments and drug discoveries.”
The next step was to delve deeper into the role of the mitochondrial ribosome to understand how its defects could cause disease, Professor Filipovska said.
“We are now working on developing models of disease to study these defects. We are using our models to screen for drugs that can selectively rescue defects in protein synthesis and energy production.”
